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A code name or cryptonym is a word or name used, sometimes clandestinely, to refer to another name, word, project or person. Names are often used for military purposes, or in espionage. They may also be used in industrial counter-industrial espionage to protect secret projects and the like from business rivals, or to give names to projects whose marketing name has not yet been determined. Another reason for the use of names and phrases in the military is that they transmit with a lower level of cumulative errors over a walkie-talkie or radio link than actual names. == Military origins == During World War I, names common to the Allies referring to nations, cities, geographical features, military units, military operations, diplomatic meetings, places, and individual persons were agreed upon, adapting pre-war naming procedures in use by the governments concerned. In the British case names were administered and controlled by the Inter Services Security Board (ISSB) staffed by the War Office. This procedure was coordinated with the United States when America entered the war. Random lists of names were issued to users in alphabetical blocks of ten words and were selected as required. Words became available for re-use after six months and unused allocations could be reassigned at discretion and according to need. Judicious selection from the available allocation could result in clever meanings and result in an aptronym or backronym, although policy was to select words that had no obviously deducible connection with what they were supposed to be concealing. Those for the major conference meetings had a partial naming sequence referring to devices or instruments which had an ordinal number as part of their meaning, e.g., the third meeting was "TRIDENT". Joseph Stalin, whose last name means "man of steel", was given the name "GLYPTIC", meaning "an image carved out of stone". * Reference: Glossary of Names〔http://www.army.mil/CMH/books/wwii/WCP/glosscn.htm〕 from U.S. Army in World War II – Washington Command Post: The Operations Division * * World War II Allied Operations〔http://homepage.ntlworld.com/frank.kilburn/〕 * * Abbreviations, Acronyms, Codewords, Terms Appearing in WW II Histories and Documents〔http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/Glossary/index.html〕 * * Information from original files held at The National Archives (formerly The Public Record Office) which hold the publicly available records of central government for the UK === German code names === Ewen Montagu, a British Naval intelligence officer, discloses in ''Beyond Top Secret Ultra'' that during World War II, Nazi Germany habitually used ''ad hoc'' code names as nicknames which often openly revealed or strongly hinted at their content or function. Some German code names: * Golfplatz (German for "golf course") – Britain, employed by the Abwehr * Samland – The United States (from Uncle Sam), employed by the Abwehr * Heimdall (a god whose power was "to see for a hundred miles") – long-range radar * Wotan – a radar system. Knowing that the god Wotan had only one eye, R. V. Jones, a British scientist working for Air Intelligence of the British Air Ministry and SIS inferred that the device used a single beam and from that determined, correctly, how it must work. A counter-system was quickly created which made Wotan useless. * Operation Seelöwe (Sea-lion) – plans to invade Britain (lions being prominent in the coat of arms of the United Kingdom) * Operation Barbarossa (Frederick Barbarossa) – plans to go east and invade the Soviet Union Conversely, Operation Wacht am Rhein (Watch on the Rhine) was deliberately named to suggest the opposite of its purpose a defensive "watch" as opposed to a massive blitzkrieg operation, just as was Operation Weserübung (Weser-exercise), which signified the plans to invade Norway and Denmark in April 1940. By comparison, as a result of the German practice and relative ease of deciphering some element of its content in the post-War period, the British Ministry of Supply adopted the Rainbow Codes system which randomly combined a color and a noun (from a list) to create the name for projects. Though memorable, the names were unrelated to content. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「code name」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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